Recent developments in international relations demonstrate complex dynamics triggered by global political, economic and social factors. One of the main issues is tension between big countries, especially the United States and China. This competition includes military, technological and trade aspects. In the technology sector, uncertainty related to the distribution of 5G networks and artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to widen the gap between the two countries. In Europe, the conflict in Ukraine and the response to the Russian invasion took center stage. NATO member states are united in supporting Ukraine through economic sanctions against Russia and the provision of military aid. This situation prompted NATO to strengthen its presence in Eastern Europe, creating tensions with Moscow which felt threatened. Southeast Asia is witnessing increased regional cooperation through ASEAN in dealing with challenges such as South China Sea tensions. Member states, including Indonesia and the Philippines, are trying to develop a common strategy to strengthen their position against China’s aggressive territorial claims. Multilateral diplomacy is important in building consensus in this region. The issue of climate change is also increasingly dominating the global agenda. The COP26 conference in Glasgow highlighted countries’ commitment to reducing carbon emissions. However, differences between countries in historical responsibilities and economic capacities often pose obstacles to reaching effective agreements. Developing countries lack technical and financial support to adapt to climate change, making calls for global solidarity increasingly urgent. Socio-political developments on a national scale also trigger changes in international relations. The rise of populism, extremism and dissatisfaction with political elites in various countries influences foreign policy. This can be seen in Latin America, where elections are often influenced by anti-globalization sentiment. In a practical context, public diplomacy is a crucial tool for countries to build strong relationships with the international community. The use of social media and digital platforms is increasingly important in shaping narratives that support foreign policy. Small countries can leverage this technology to increase their influence on the global stage. Energy geopolitics also influences international relations. The transition to renewable energy is creating new competition, with oil-producing countries trying to maintain their dominance while adapting to changes in energy markets. Relations between countries with different cultural backgrounds, such as relations between Muslim and Western countries, also attract attention. Interfaith and interfaith dialogue initiatives are becoming increasingly important to reduce extremism and promote more harmonious international relations. Developments in international law, including issues of human rights and environmental justice, are becoming increasingly relevant. Countries are expected to fulfill their commitments to international conventions, which can encourage cooperation and reduce conflict. Overall, international relations continue to change rapidly, influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Adaptation to these changes is necessary so that countries can establish effective and sustainable cooperation at the global level.
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